用英文介绍孔子 80字左右

Confucius was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period. The philosophy of Confucius emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. Confucius' thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism

用英语介绍儒家思想

Confucius

Confucius, in Chinese Kongfuzi or K'ung Fu-tzu (551?-479? bc), Chinese philosopher, one of the most influential figures in Chinese history. See also Confucianism.

According to tradition, Confucius was born in the state of Lu (present-day Shandong [Shantung] Province) of the noble Kong clan. His original name was Kong Qiu (K’ong Ch’iu). His father, commander of a district in Lu, died three years after Confucius was born, leaving the family in poverty; but Confucius nevertheless received a fine education. He was married at the age of 19 and had one son and two daughters. During the four years immediately after his marriage, poverty compelled him to perform menial labors for the chief of the district in which he lived. His mother died in 527 bc, and after a period of mourning he began his career as a teacher, usually traveling about and instructing the small body of disciples that had gathered around him. His fame as a man of learning and character and his reverence for Chinese ideals and customs soon spread through the principality of Lu.

Living as he did in the second half of the Zhou dynasty (Chou dynasty; 1045?-256 bc), when feudalism degenerated in China and intrigue and vice were rampant, Confucius deplored the contemporary disorder and lack of moral standards. He came to believe that the only remedy was to convert people once more to the principles and precepts of the sages of antiquity. He therefore lectured to his pupils on the ancient classics. He taught the great value of the power of example. Rulers, he said, can be great only if they themselves lead exemplary lives, and were they willing to be guided by moral principles, their states would inevitably become prosperous and happy.

Confucius had, however, no opportunity to put his theories to a public test until, at the age of 50, he was appointed magistrate of Zhongdu (Chung-tu), and the next year minister of crime of the state of Lu. His administration was successful; reforms were introduced, justice was fairly dispensed, and crime was almost eliminated. So powerful did Lu become that the ruler of a neighboring state maneuvered to secure the minister's dismissal. Confucius left his office in 496 bc, traveling about and teaching, vainly hoping that some other prince would allow him to undertake measures of reform. In 484 bc, after a fruitless search for an ideal ruler, he returned for the last time to Lu. He spent the remaining years of his life in retirement, writing commentaries on the classics. He died in Lu and was buried in a tomb at Qufu (Ch'ü-fu), Shandong.

Confucius did not put into writing the principles of his philosophy; these were handed down only through his disciples. The Lunyu (Analects), a work compiled by some of his disciples, is considered the most reliable source of information about his life and teachings. One of the historical works that he is said to have compiled and edited, the Chunqiu (Spring and Autumn Annals), is an account of Chinese history in the state of Lu from 722 to 481 bc. In learning he wished to be known as a transmitter rather than as a creator, and he therefore revived the study of the ancient books. His own teachings, together with those of his main disciples, are found in the SiShu (Ssu Shu; Four Books) of Confucian literature, which became the textbooks of later Chinese generations. Confucius was greatly venerated during his lifetime and in succeeding ages. Although he himself had little belief in the supernatural, he has been revered almost as a spiritual being by millions.

The entire teaching of Confucius was practical and ethical, rather than religious. He claimed to be a restorer of ancient morality and held that proper outward acts based on the five virtues of kindness, uprightness, decorum, wisdom, and faithfulness constitute the whole of human duty. Reverence for parents, living and dead, was one of his key concepts. His view of government was paternalistic, and he enjoined all individuals to observe carefully their duties toward the state. In subsequent centuries his teachings exerted a powerful influence on the Chinese nation.

Confucius was a Chinese educationist, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period of Chinese history.Confucius' family and personal name respectively was Kong Qiu. His courtesy name was Zhongni. In Chinese, he is most often known as Kongzi. He is also known by the honorific Kong Fuzi.?

It was said that Confucius credited or edited many of the Chinese classic texts including all of the Five Classics, but modern scholars are cautious of attributing specific assertions to Confucius himself. Aphorism concerning his teachings were compiled in the Analects, but only many years after his death. The philosophy of Confucius emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity.

孔子是中国春秋时期的一位教育家、政治家和哲学家。孔子的姓名是孔丘，字仲尼。中国人常称他为“孔子 ” ，也尊称其为“孔夫子”。据说孔子亲自著述编写了包括《五经》在内的许多中国经典著作，但当代学者也不能断言这一说法是否属实。即使是收录了孔子治学思想的《论语》也是在其去世多年后才编纂而成的。孔子的哲学思想强调个人美德和政治原则、和谐的社会秩序以及公正和真诚的社会环境。